Joseph McCarthy

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Joseph McCarthy remains a very controversial figure. In the view of a few conservative latter-day authors, such as commentators William Norman Grigg^[125] and Medford Stanton Evans,^[126][127] McCarthy's place in history should be reevaluated. Many scholars, including some generally regarded as conservative, have opposed these views.^[128][129]

Other authors and historians, including Arthur Herman,^[130] assert that new evidence—in the form of Venona-decrypted Soviet messages, Soviet espionage data now opened to the West, and newly released transcripts of closed hearings before McCarthy's subcommittee—has partially vindicated McCarthy by showing that many of his identifications of Communists were correct and that the scale of Soviet espionage activity in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s was larger than many scholars suspected.^[131][132]

After reviewing evidence from Venona and other sources, historian John Earl Haynes concluded that, of 159 people identified on lists used or referenced by McCarthy, evidence was substantial that nine had aided Soviet espionage efforts. He suggested that a majority of those on the lists could legitimately have been considered security risks, but that a substantial minority could not.^[133] Among those implicated in files later made public from the Venona project and Soviet sources were Cedric Belfrage, Frank Coe, Lauchlin Currie, Harold Glasser, David Karr, Mary Jane Keeney, and Leonard Mins.^{[133][134][135][136][137][138][139]}

These viewpoints are considered revisionist by many scholars.^[140] Challenging efforts aimed at the "rehabilitation" of McCarthy, Haynes argues that McCarthy's attempts to "make anti-communism a partisan weapon" actually "threatened [the post-War] anti-Communist consensus", thereby ultimately harming anti-Communist efforts more than helping.^[141]

Diplomat [142]

William Bennett, former Reagan Administration Secretary of Education, summed up this perspective in his 2007 book America: The Last Best Hope:

The cause of anti-communism, which united millions of Americans and which gained the support of Democrats, Republicans and independents, was undermined by Sen. Joe McCarthy ... McCarthy addressed a real problem: disloyal elements within the U.S. government. But his approach to this real problem was to cause untold grief to the country he claimed to love ... Worst of all, McCarthy besmirched the honorable cause of anti-communism. He discredited legitimate efforts to counter Soviet subversion of American institutions.^[143]

HUAC and SACB

McCarthy's hearings are often incorrectly conflated with the hearings of the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). HUAC is best known for the investigation of Alger Hiss and for its investigation of the Hollywood film industry, which led to the blacklisting of hundreds of actors, writers, and directors. HUAC was a House committee, and as such had no formal connection with McCarthy, who served in the Senate, although the existence of the House Un-American Activities Committee thrived in part as a result of McCarthy's activities. HUAC was active for 29 years.

Similarly, the Subversive Activities Control Board (SACB) was a five-member committee established by the McCarran Internal Security Act, which had a mandate, similar to HUAC and inspired by McCarthy, to locate and investigate so-called "subversives", or those sympathetic to the Communists. They were accused of promoting the establishment of a "totalitarian dictatorship" in the United States. Truman vetoed the act, sending Congress a lengthy veto message in which he criticized specific provisions as "the greatest danger to freedom of speech, press, and assembly since the Alien and Sedition Laws of 1798," and called it a "mockery of the Bill of Rights" and a "long step toward totalitarianism". His veto was overridden. SACB was active for 22 years.

In popular culture

From the start of his notoriety, McCarthy was a favorite subject for political cartoonists. He was traditionally depicted in a negative light, normally pertaining to McCarthyism and his accusations. Herblock's cartoon that coined the term McCarthyism appeared less than two months after the senator's now famous February 1950 speech in Wheeling, West Virginia. In 1953, the popular daily comic strip Pogo introduced the character Simple J. Malarkey, a pugnacious and conniving wildcat with an unmistakable physical resemblance to McCarthy. (After worried newspaper editors protested to the syndicate that provided the strip, creator Walt Kelly henceforth depicted the Malarkey character with a bag of garbage over his head, concealing his features.)

As his fame grew, McCarthy increasingly became the target of ridicule and parody. He was impersonated by nightclub and radio impressionists and was satirized in Mad magazine, on The Red Skelton Show, and elsewhere. Several comedy songs lampooning the senator were released in 1954, including "Point of Order" by Stan Freberg and Daws Butler, "Senator McCarthy Blues" by Hal Block, and unionist folk singer Joe Glazer's "Joe McCarthy's Band", sung to the tune of "McNamara's Band". Also in 1954, the radio comedy team Bob and Ray parodied McCarthy with the character "Commissioner Carstairs" in their soap opera spoof "Mary Backstayge, Noble Wife". That same year, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation radio network broadcast a satire, The Investigator, whose title character was a clear imitation of McCarthy. A recording of the show became popular in the United States, and was reportedly played by President Eisenhower at cabinet meetings.^[144]

A more serious fictional portrayal of McCarthy played a central role in the 1959 novel The Manchurian Candidate by Richard Condon. The character of Senator John Iselin, a demagogic anti-communist, is closely modeled on McCarthy, even to the varying numbers of Communists he asserts are employed by the federal government. He remains a major character in the 1962 film version.

McCarthy was portrayed by Peter Boyle in the 1977 Emmy-winning television movie Tail Gunner Joe, a dramatization of McCarthy's life. Archival footage of McCarthy himself was used in the 2005 movie Good Night, and Good Luck about Edward R. Murrow and the See It Now episode that challenged McCarthy. McCarthy was also portrayed by Joe Don Baker in the 1992 HBO film Citizen Cohn.

Notes

References and further reading

Secondary sources

• Anderson, Jack and May, Ronald W (1952). McCarthy: the man, the Senator, the "ism," Beacon Press.
• Bayley, Edwin R. (1981). Joe McCarthy and the Press. University of Wisconsin Press.  
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• Cook, Fred J. (1971). The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy. Random House.  
• Crosby, Donald F. (1978). God, Church, and Flag: Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and the Catholic Church, 1950–1957. University of North Carolina Press.  
• Crosby, Donald F. "The Jesuits and Joe McCarthy". Church History 1977 46(3): 374–388. Issn: 0009-6407 Fulltext: in Jstor
• Daynes, Gary (1997). Making Villains, Making Heroes: Joseph R. McCarthy, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Politics of American Memory. Taylor & Francis.  
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• Freeland, Richard M. (1985). The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism: Foreign Policy, Domestic Politics, and Internal Security, 1946–1948. New York University Press.  
• Fried, Richard M. (1977). Men Against McCarthy. Columbia University Press.  
• Fried, Richard M. (1990). Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Oxford University Press.  
• Gauger, Michael. "Flickering Images: Live Television Coverage and Viewership of the Army-McCarthy Hearings". Historian 2005 67(4): 678–693. Issn: 0018-2370 Fulltext: in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco. Audience ratings show that few people watched the hearings.
• Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate.  
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• Latham, Earl (1969). Communist Controversy in Washington: From the New Deal to McCarthy. Macmillan Publishing Company.  
• McDaniel, Rodger. Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt, WordsWorth, 2013. ISBN 978-0983027591.
• Murphy, Brenda. Congressional Theatre: Dramatizing McCarthyism on Stage, Film, and Television. Cambridge U. Press, 1999.
• O'Brien, Michael (1981). McCarthy and McCarthyism in Wisconsin. Olympic Marketing Corp.  
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• Powers, Richard Gid (1997). Not Without Honor: A History of American AntiCommunism. Free Press.  
• Ranville, Michael (1996). To Strike at a King: The Turning Point in the McCarthy Witch-Hunt. Momentum Books Limited.  
• Reeves, Thomas C. (1982). The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography. Madison Books.  
• Rosteck, Thomas (1994). See It Now Confronts McCarthyism: Television Documentary and the Politics of Representation. University of Alabama Press.  
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• Strout, Lawrence N. (1999). Covering McCarthyism: How the Christian Science Monitor Handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950–1954. Greenwood Press.  
• Thelen, David P.; Esther S. Thelen (Spring 1966). "Joe Must Go: The Movement to Recall Senator Joseph R. McCarthy". Wisconsin Magazine of History (State Historical Society of Wisconsin) 49 (3): 185–209. Retrieved June 18, 2009. 
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Primary sources

• "Transcripts, Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee On Investigations". U.S. Government Printing Office. 2003. Retrieved December 19, 2006. 
• "Senate Committee Transcripts, 107th Congress". Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Retrieved August 11, 2006. 
• "Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum". Retrieved August 11, 2006. 
• "Censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy (1954)". The United States Department of State. Archived from the original on November 20, 2007. Retrieved June 2, 2009. 
• McCarthy, Joseph (1951). Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950–1951. Gordon Press.  
• McCarthy, Joseph (1951). America's Retreat from Victory, the Story of George Catlett Marshall. Devin-Adair.  
• McCarthy, Joseph (1952). Fight for America. Devin-Adair.  
• Adams, John G. (1983). Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism. W. W. Norton & Company.  
• Watkins, Arthur Vivian (1969). Enough Rope: The inside story of the censure of Senator Joe McCarthy. Prentice-Hall.  
• Fried, Albert (1996). McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History. Oxford University Press.  
• Edward R. Murrow & Fred W. Friendly (Producers) (1991). Edward R. Murrow: The McCarthy Years (DVD (from 'See it Now' TV News show)). USA: CBS News/Docurama. 

External links

• Joseph McCarthy at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2008-07-11
• "Joseph McCarthy".  
• "Papa" Prell's radio broadcast on "Tail Gunner Joe", including taped segments from the trial.
• "Joseph McCarthy", Dictionary of Wisconsin History, Wisconsin State Historical Society

• Morgan, Ted (2003). "Judge Joe: How the youngest judge in Wisconsin's history became the country's most notorious senator". Legal Affairs. 
• Tanenhaus, Sam. "Un-American Activities". New York Review of Books.  A lengthy review of Arthur Herman's Joseph McCarthy
• BBC coverage
• Senator Joseph McCarthy's Speech in Wheeling
• Spartacus Biography
• The History Net page on McCarthy
• The McCarthy-Welch exchange
• Joseph McCarthy Papers, Marquette University Library
• Senator Joe McCarthy: Audio Excerpts, 1950–1954
• A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Sen. Joseph McCarthy (June 25, 1952)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive []
• A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Sen. Joseph McCarthy (September 29, 1952)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive []
• FBI Memo Referencing 206 Communists in Government
• Camp Evans Information on McCarthy's investigations of the Signal Corps, including transcripts of the hearings and more recent interviews.
• Transcript: "A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy" – Edward R. Murrow, See It Now, CBS Television, March 9, 1954 via UC Berkeley library
• Transcript: "Joseph R. McCarthy: Rebuttal to Edward R. Murrow", See It Now, CBS Television, April 6, 1954 via UC Berkeley library
• "The Passing of McCarthy (Obituary)". Time. May 13, 1957. 
• Documents on McCarthyism at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• FBI file on Joseph McCarthy
• , February 6, 2000.Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator interview with Arthur L. Herman on Booknotes

Defenses of McCarthy:

• "The Search for Joe McCarthy", Wisconsin Magazine of History, Volume 60, No. 3, Spring 1977, by Thomas C. Reeves
• "Editor Taints Recently Published Hearings: How Senate Historian Botched Data on McCarthy" by M. Stanton Evans
• "Levin and Collins Trigger Disinformation: Senate Historian Clams Up When Queried On McCarthy" by M. Stanton Evans

Criticism of McCarthy:

• "Has She No Shame?" by Joe Conason
• (excerpt)Senator Joe McCarthy by Richard Rovere

United States Senate
Preceded by Robert M. La Follette, Jr.	U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Wisconsin 1947–1957 Served alongside: Alexander Wiley	Succeeded by William Proxmire
Political offices
Preceded by John L. McClellan Arkansas	Chairman of Senate Government Operations Committee 1953–1955	Succeeded by John L. McClellan Arkansas
Honorary titles
Preceded by William F. Knowland	Youngest Member of the United States Senate 1947–1948	Succeeded by Russell B. Long

United States Senators from Wisconsin Class 1 Dodge Doolittle Carpenter Cameron Sawyer Mitchell Quarles La Follette, Sr. La Follette, Jr. McCarthy Proxmire Kohl Baldwin Class 3 Walker Durkee Howe Carpenter Cameron Spooner Vilas Spooner Stephenson Husting Lenroot Blaine Duffy Wiley Nelson Kasten Feingold Johnson

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